Jurnal Health Sains: p–ISSN: 2723-4339 e-ISSN:
2548-1398
Vol. 3, No.9, September 2022
THE EFFECT OF
HEALTH PROMOTION WITH VIDEO MEDIA ON KNOWLEDGE AND BEHAVIOR ABOUT ANEMIA IN
PREGNANT MOTHERS
Silvia
Pratiwi1, Sri Nabawiyati Nurul Makiyah2,
Farida Kartini3
Universitas ‘Aisyiyah
Yogyakarta, Indonesia1,3
Universitas Muhammadiyah
Yogyakarta, Indonesia2
Email: Silviapratiwi2101@gmail.com,
nurul.makiyah@umy.ac.id, faridakartini@unisayogya.ac.id
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artikel info |
ABSTRACT |
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Date received: 1 August 2022 Revision date: 10 September 2022 Received date 25 September 2022 |
Anemia can hurt pregnant
women and fetuses. Pregnant women who experience anemia can cause complications
during pregnancy and childbirth. The impact on pregnant women is the labor
process that takes a long time, bleeding, and shock due to contractions.
Adverse effects on the fetus are premature birth, low birth weight, damage to
the placenta, mental development problems, and stillbirth. This study aims to
review the evidence related to the effect of health promotion with video
media on knowledge and behavior about anemia in pregnant women. The Scoping
review uses the Framework from Arksey and O'Malley,
which focuses on the review with the PEOS framework, conducts literature
searching databases and relevant gray literature, selects relevant studies
using inclusion and exclusion criteria, conducts critical appraisals to
assess article quality, performs data extraction, analyze and report results.
8 literature were selected and had Grade A. Results
of scoping review Factors that influence anemia in pregnant women are age,
education, occupation, and parity. Health promotion can increase knowledge
and behavior about anemia in pregnant women. Risk factors for anemia have an
impact on pregnant women and fetuses. Based on the results of the scoping
review, it was found that gaps in this study were about health promotion with
video media about anemia in pregnant women more than the influence of
knowledge on factors that influence anemia in pregnant women, namely
education, influence, and behavior, and the impact of anemia on pregnant
women. There are still few studies examining the impact of anemia on the
fetus. Factors that affect anemia in pregnant women are age, education,
occupation, and parity. Health promotion can increase knowledge and behavior
about anemia in pregnant women. Risk factors for anemia have an impact on
pregnant women and fetuses. Suggestion: It is necessary to apply policies to reduce
the incidence of anemia in pregnant women and provide programs to prevent
anemia in pregnant women. |
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Keywords: pregnant women; anemia
factor; health promotion |
Introduction
Anemia is a global health
problem, both in developed and developing countries, including Indonesia.
Indonesia is one of the
countries with the highest number of anemia in
pregnancy (Kemenkes RI, 2015). Anemia
can hurt pregnant women and fetuses.
Pregnant women who experience anemia can cause complications during pregnancy
and childbirth. The impact on pregnant women is the labor process that takes a
long time, bleeding, and shock due to contractions. Adverse effects on the
fetus are premature birth, low birth weight, damage to the placenta, mental
development problems, and stillbirth. The impact of this anemia can reduce the
quality of human resources, especially in the First 1000 Days of Life (HPK) (Kemenkes RI, 2019).
Anemia is a major health
problem in developing countries so it can increase maternal and infant
mortality rates, premature births, and babies with low birth weight. Although
only 15% of pregnant women in developed countries experience anemia, the
prevalence of anemia in developing countries is still relatively high, namely
33% to 75% (Irianti et al., 2014).
Medical faculties throughout Indonesia conducted research with results showing
that the prevalence of anemia in pregnant women in Indonesia is 50-63%. The Pusponegoro study and the Anemia World Map at the same time
stated that 51% of pregnant women suffer from anemia, causing up to 300 deaths
per day (DIY Health Profile, 2017). One strategy to prevent, control,
and treat anemia is to change individual behavior through health promotion
programs (Nurbadriyah, 2019)
The health promotion program showed a significant increase in knowledge and a
decrease in the prevalence of anemia in pregnant women (Pedergnana et al., 2012)
Good knowledge of pregnant women can change the behavior of pregnant women to
prevent anemia. (Sulistyoningsih, 2011)
Programs can be given to increase the knowledge and behavior of pregnant women
to prevent anemia. One way is to provide health promotion to pregnant women
with video media. Health promotion with video media is a means or effort to
facilitate the delivery and receipt of messages or information from
communicators so that knowledge can increase and can change the behavior of
pregnant women (Notoatmodjo, 2012).
A health promotion method
using visually persuasive message delivery is video.
Health promotion through video media
has advantages so that it can facilitate the process of absorption of
knowledge. Video is included in audio-visual media because it involves the
sense of hearing as well as the sense of sight. This audio-visual media can
produce better learning outcomes for tasks such as remembering, recognizing,
recalling, and connecting facts and concepts (Kustandi
C, 2011).
This is in line with research
(Febrianta et al., 2019)
that there is a significant increase in knowledge of pregnant women after being
given counseling using video media to deal with anemia problems (Sasono et al., 2021)
The government's efforts
to reduce the incidence of anemia in pregnancy are by implementing the
Integrated Antenatal Service program which includes counseling services for
nutritional problems during pregnancy, checking hemoglobin levels at least 1
time in the 1st trimester and 1 time in the 3rd trimester, and giving Fe
tablets and folic acid at least 90 tablets during pregnancy (PERMENKES
RI, 2014).
Research
methods
Scoping review is a systematic exploration method by mapping the
available literature on a topic, discussing key concepts, theories, and
evidence base sources that aim to discuss the level, scope, and nature of
research available on the researcher's questions and summarize research results
based on the evidence base in
order
to recommend research. Further (Tricco
et
al., 2016), the purpose of this method and
includes detailed steps to guide the researcher (Peterson et al., 2017).
This review uses the methodology as a review for conducting groupings as suggested
by Arksey and O'Malley (Pabo et al., 2022)
The stages that will be carried out in completing a scoping review consist of
5, namely: (1) identifying scoping review questions, (2) identifying relevant
articles, (3) article selection, (4) charting data, (5) compiling, summarizing
and reporting the results (Arksey & Malley, 2005).
Results and Discussion
A. Factors that affect anemia in pregnant
women
1) Age
Pregnant women experience anemia mostly in the age group 20-35 years by
87.7%. The data stated that the majority of pregnant and giving birth mothers
were of productive age, namely the age of 20-35 years, at that age the body's
organs had functioned properly and were ready to become pregnant and give
birth, but when viewed from a psychological point of view, this age range was
classified as unstable (Herawati & Astuti). , 2010). The
age of a woman at the time of pregnancy should not be too young
and not too old, those who are less than 20 years old
and more than 35 years old are at high risk of giving birth. A woman's
readiness to become pregnant also includes physical, emotional, psychological,
social, and economic readiness (Depkes, 2014)
Pregnant women who experience anemia or lack of hemoglobin (Hb) in the blood have a risk during pregnancy, childbirth,
and the puerperium, which can result in abortion
(miscarriage), premature labor, premature birth, low birth weight, postpartum
bleeding due to uterine atony, shock, infection intrapartum and postpartum (Proverawati, 2011).
Gestational age in pregnant women is very influential on the incidence of
anemia, where a young gestational age requires more nutritional intake so that
young mothers are susceptible to anemia in pregnancy and will be very
susceptible to infection and bleeding. Experience proves that maternal
mortality due to bleeding is more common in mothers who suffer from anemia (Niven, 2012).
B. Education
This is following the theory that health education seeks to make people
aware or know how to maintain health, avoid or prevent things that are
detrimental to health, where to seek treatment when sick and so on (Sasono et al., 2021)
A person's level of education is influenced by his knowledge and understanding
of something that leads him to positive behavior, so it can be said that the
higher a person's education, the better his level of knowledge about anemia. On
the other hand, the lower the level of education, the lower the mindset so that
the power absorbed by the information also decreases (Proverawati,
2011). Indirect causes of maternal death are the low level of
maternal education, low socio-economic conditions, and unsupportive social
culture, in addition to the limited access of mothers who live in rural areas
to obtain health services. Indirect causes of maternal death include Chronic
Energy Deficiency (KEK) in pregnancy 37% and anemia in pregnancy 40% (Prasetyawati, 2012). This is in line with research conducted
by (Sasono et al., 2021)
showing a significant relationship between the level of education and the
incidence of anemia in pregnant women (Abriha et al., 2014)
C. Work
Work is an activity to earn income. The type of work determines the
income earned. Pregnant women who work have the income to help their husbands
in meeting their daily needs (Susanti & Anggriawan, 2020)
Pregnant women who have income are related to the ability of pregnant women to
gain knowledge about anemia because their family finances are sufficient (Purbadewi et al., 2013).
The results of the study (Obai et al., 2016)
said the factors related to anemia in pregnant women who performed ANC at the Gulu and Hoima Regional
Hospitals, Uganda showed that there was a significant relationship between
occupational factors and the incidence of anemia in pregnant women. Pregnant
women who work as housewives are a risk factor for anemia. Most housewives only
depend on their husband's income in terms of financial needs. Another study by (Idowu et al., 2012) on anemia in pregnancy in
Africa showed that pregnant women who did not work were significantly
associated with anemia because pregnant women who did not work could not make
ANC visits earlier and consume less nutritious food (Hikmasari et al., 2022)
D. Parity Parity
is the number of children born alive. Women who give birth frequently will have
a risk of anemia during pregnancy. Pregnant women must pay attention to
nutritional needs during pregnancy because the nutrients will be divided
between the mother and fetus (Sjahrani & Faridah, 2019).
The results of previous studies showed that mothers with a parity of two
or more had a 2-3 times greater risk of experiencing anemia than mothers with
parity of less than two (Abriha et al., 2014). Women
with high parity generally have a high risk of bleeding and iron deficiency
(Al-Farsi et al., 2011). Anemia in pregnant women can increase the risk
of bleeding before, during, and after childbirth compared to women who are not
pregnant. Higher parity exacerbates the risk of bleeding (Abujilban et al., 2019)
This study supports a previous study conducted by (Abriha
et al., 2014) which stated that parity was statistically related to
the incidence of anemia in pregnant women (AOR 2.3 95% CI (1.4,3.8). Research
by (Derso et al., 2017)
also states that parity is an independent factor for anemia in pregnant women.
Mothers who have a parity of five or more are 4.20
times more at risk of anemia than 63 mothers who have parity of less than two.
This is because mothers with high parity can be more prone to bleeding and
there is a nutritional depletion syndrome
E.
Effect of health promotion
1. Effect of health promotion on knowledge The level of knowledge of pregnant women about anemia is one
of the factors that play a role in the incidence of iron deficiency anemia in
pregnant women. A good level of knowledge in pregnant women can make it easier
for pregnant women to know food ingredients that can harm their pregnancy and
can choose things that can support the quality of their pregnancy (Astuti, 2016).
In line with research (ZA & Hardewi, 2021)
there is an effect of health education on anemia on the knowledge of pregnant
women in the working area of the Lamteuba
Health Center. Health promotion can help health workers to increase knowledge
about anemia in pregnant women.
2. Effect of health promotion on behavior
Pregnant women who do not get enough knowledge about pregnancy can
experience problems during pregnancy. Knowledge of pregnant women also affects
the behavior of mothers during pregnancy (Tricco et al., 2016)
`Mothers who are experiencing their first pregnancy are usually very careful
about their pregnancy by diligently consuming nutritional intakes for their pregnancy
(Susanti & Anggriawan, 2020)
Knowledge can influence healthy behavior every day. Pregnant women who do not
get enough knowledge about pregnancy often have problems during pregnancy (Magoma et al., 2010)
Knowledge of pregnant women also affects their behavior in maintaining
pregnancy (ZA & Hardewi, 2021)
Mothers who are experiencing their first pregnancy are usually very careful
about their pregnancy by diligently consuming nutritional intake for their
pregnancy (Abu-Ouf & Jan 2015)
3. The impact of anemia on pregnant women
During pregnancy, if the mother suffers from iron deficiency anemia,
negative effects can occur both for the mother and the baby she is carrying and
can increase the risk of maternal and infant mortality. The negative impacts on
the mother are associated with difficulty breathing, fainting, fatigue,
increased heart rate, difficulty sleeping, perinatal infections, pre-eclampsia, and an increased risk of bleeding (Abu-Ouf & Jan 2015).
The impact of anemia on pregnant women The negative impact of pregnant
women with iron deficiency anemia also occurs on pregnancy outcomes, namely
newborns may experience Intra uterine growth retardation (IUGR), premature
birth or even miscarriage, and babies born with low body weight (LBW). The
overall negative impact greatly affects the increased risk of infant mortality,
especially in developing countries (Brannon & Taylor, 2017).
Conclusion
The results of a scoping review entitled the effect of health promotion
with video media on knowledge and behavior about anemia in pregnant women.
Factors that affect anemia in pregnant women are age, education, occupation,
and parity. Health promotion can increase knowledge and behavior about anemia
in pregnant women. Risk factors for anemia have an impact on pregnant women and
fetuses. Based on the results of the article review, the researchers found that
there were gaps in this study, namely:
1. Research on health
promotion with video media on knowledge about anemia in pregnant women is more
focused on factors that influence anemia in pregnant women, namely education,
the effect of health promotion on knowledge and behavior, and the impact of
anemia on pregnant women.
2. There are still few
studies examining the impact of anemia on the fetus.
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Copyright
holder: Silvia Pratiwi
(2022) |
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First
publication right: Jurnal Health Sains |
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